Rice crop

 

Rice crop

Rice is an important crop in many lands, and its culture extends from tropical and subtropical regions to northeastern China and southeastern Australia, from sea level to over 2,500 feet [2,500 m] in the regions of Nepal and Bhutan. Although most rice is grown in Asia, there are many rice farms in Oceania and Europe. Due to its geographical distribution, rice is grown in many climates and in a wide range of soils, with varying degrees of soil structure. Early studies emphasized rice-rich production in Asia due to the definition of rice soil (IRRI., 1978, IRRI., 1985, Kawaguchi and Kyuma, 1977, Moormann and Breemen, 1978). 

As a result, comparative data on paddy soil quality areas and rice production systems are not available, and important soil quality issues are often handled appropriately and can often be answered by local experts. To assess what was intended and focused on agricultural research, local knowledge of natural barriers to crop production can be used (Hijmans et al., 2003), with the help of communication technologies (Singh and Singh, 2010). Spatial distribution of soils, climates, hydrology-related, and abiotic emphasizes the importance of purpose, which can help with certain factors, such as immersion tolerance (Xu et al., 2006), tolerance of better rice varieties (Huang et al., 2010), tolerance to phosphorus deficiency (Gamuyao et al., 2012) and water stress tolerance (Verulkar et al., 2010). Similarly, this type of information can be used to improve the study and distribution of management options and land-related issues. The sustainability of the typical rice system is affected by water and the depletion of energy resources. 

Other rice production technologies have demonstrated great potential for improving the use of resources in non-bank and non-banked areas, such as other crops, such as the underlying soil of wheat and maize and the dry sowing of northern rice. Aerobic rice varieties are made with crosses between low-lying and high-altitude varieties that include some of the features of crop yielding on a variety of plains and adaptation to aerobic soil (Atlin et al., 2006). Aerobic rice (ARS) programs have been established in cooler areas, and work is underway to develop these systems in tropical and subtropical areas to improve local farmers' livelihoods and regional and national food security (Maclean et al., 2002, Prasad and Donald, 2011).

Another rice planting technology is paddy rice, which is usually grown by planting 25- to 35-year-old seedlings in well-prepared soil to control cleaning, weed growth, and infection, and requires a large amount of clean water for proper growth. Growing paddy rice in Pakistan is a major food security challenge, while water dams are limited and population growth is another challenge (Briscoe and Qamar, 2009). On average, in the 2011-12 financial year (1 July to 30 June), water supply from canal irrigation was almost 10 percent higher than the planned long-term water use of 128 billion m3 (GOP, 2012). The groundwater table has dropped by an average of 0.3 m per year (Hussain, 2002), and in recent years, it has decreased due to groundwater use and the use of more than 7 meters (Kahlown et al., 2007). Rising fuel prices have also led to higher pay for underground water pumping, which has led to a decline in overall economic benefits. Lack of staff is another factor in the rice growing season which hinders its production and causes delays in the transfer of seedlings because the actual removal and replacement of the crèches is an important function of rice cultivation. The limited number of workers mainly consists of unskilled and contracted women and young people, with a lack of quality assurance, unequal fields and a much lower economic density than good agricultural practices (Baloch et al., 2005; Chaudhary et al., 2001 and Farooq et al., 2011).

Recently, a number of rice farming strategies have been introduced, such as drying, direct sowing, rice growing systems, and aerobic rice programs, and these programs have been approved and promoted in Sindh and punjab. For example, it focuses on the performance of aerobic rice systems, in which, like other seedlings, seeds are sown directly in the field. This program is well suited to those areas where staff is lacking, and reduces the cost of unit space (Pandey et al., 2002, Pandey and Velasco, 2005). In addition, there are a variety of weed control chemicals, which also alleviate the weed workers' stress over the period (Farooq et al., 2011). Irrigation requirements are met when there is a need to supply water to fields where groundwater levels are below critical.